Nagorno-Karabakh was a frozen conflict from 1994 until Azerbaijan's 2020 and 2023 military offensives. The Republic of Artsakh dissolved in September 2023 following the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive, ending the conflict through violent thawing. Over 100,000 ethnic Armenians fled to Armenia.
Key Fact
The Republic of Artsakh dissolved on 1 January 2024 following Azerbaijan's September 2023 military offensive. Over 100,000 ethnic Armenians — virtually the entire population — fled to Armenia within days. This is the clearest recent example of a frozen conflict ending through violent thawing.